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A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Radio Spectrum - Board On Physics And Astronomy - Bog - National Academies Press -

A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Radio Spectrum - Board On Physics And Astronomy - Bog - National Academies Press -

Active remote sensing is the principal tool used to study and to predict short- and long-term changes in the environment of Earth - the atmosphere, the oceans and the land surfaces - as well as the near space environment of Earth. All of these measurements are essential to understanding terrestrial weather, climate change, space weather hazards, and threats from asteroids. Active remote sensing measurements are of inestimable benefit to society, as we pursue the development of a technological civilization that is economically viable, and seek to maintain the quality of our life. A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Spectrum describes the threats, both current and future, to the effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum required for active remote sensing. This report offers specific recommendations for protecting and making effective use of the spectrum required for active remote sensing. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Active Earth Remote Sensing for Atmospheric Applications3 Active Earth Remote Sensing for Ocean Applications4 Active Earth Remote Sensing for Land Surface Applications5 Active Earth Remote Sensing for Space Physics6 Planetary Radar Astronomy7 Spectrum Access: Allocation Policies and the Assignment Process8 Radio-Frequency Interference Issues for Active Sensing Instruments9 Technology and the Opportunities for Interference MitigationAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Committee Meeting and Workshop AgendasAppendix C: Summary of the Radio-Frequency Interference WorkshopAppendix D: Acronyms

DKK 403.00
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Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics - Polar Research Board - Bog - National

Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics - Polar Research Board - Bog - National

Permafrost is a thermal condition -- its formation, persistence and disappearance are highly dependent on climate. General circulation models predict that, for a doubling of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, mean annual air temperatures may rise up to several degrees over much of the Arctic. In the discontinuous permafrost region, where ground temperatures are within 1-2 degrees of thawing, permafrost will likely ultimately disappear as a result of ground thermal changes associated with global climate warming. Where ground ice contents are high, permafrost degradation will have associated physical impacts. Permafrost thaw stands to have wide-ranging impacts, such as the draining and drying of the tundra, erosion of riverbanks and coastline, and destabilization of infrastructure (roads, airports, buildings, etc.), and including potential implications for ecosystems and the carbon cycle in the high latitudes. Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics is the summary of a workshop convened by the National Research Council to explore opportunities for using remote sensing to advance our understanding of permafrost status and trends and the impacts of permafrost change, especially on ecosystems and the carbon cycle in the high latitudes. The workshop brought together experts from the remote sensing community with permafrost and ecosystem scientists. The workshop discussions articulated gaps in current understanding and potential opportunities to harness remote sensing techniques to better understand permafrost, permafrost change, and implications for ecosystems in permafrost areas. This report addresses questions such as how remote sensing might be used in innovative ways, how it might enhance our ability to document long-term trends, and whether it is possible to integrate remote sensing products with the ground-based observations and assimilate them into advanced Arctic system models. Additionally, the report considers the expectations of the quality and spatial and temporal resolution possible through such approaches, and the prototype sensors that are available that could be used for detailed ground calibration of permafrost/high latitude carbon cycle studies.

DKK 429.00
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Toward New Partnerships in Remote Sensing - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Toward New Partnerships in Remote Sensing - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The technical, scientific, policy, and institutional environment for conducting Earth science research has been changing rapidly over the past few decades. Changes in the technical environment are due both to the advent of new types and sources of remote sensing data, which have higher spatial and spectral resolution, and to the development of vastly expanded capabilities in data access, visualization, spatial data integration, and data management. The scientific environment is changing because of the strong emphasis on global change research, both nationally and internationally, and the evolving data requirements for that research. And the policy and institutional environment for the production of Earth observation data is changing with the diversification of both remote sensing data and the institutions that produce the data. In this report, the Space Studies Board's Steering Committee on Space Applications and Commercialization explores the implications of this changing environment, examining the opportunities and challenges it presents.

DKK 305.00
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Characterization of Remote-Handled Transuranic Waste for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press

Characterization of Remote-Handled Transuranic Waste for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) disposes of plutonium-contaminated debris from its 27 nuclear weapons facilities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), an underground repository in Carlsbad, New Mexico. After four years of operational experience, DOE has opportunities to make changes to the costly and time-consuming process of "characterizing" the waste to confirm that it is appropriate for shipment to and disposal at WIPP. The report says that in order to make such changes, DOE should conduct and publish a systematic and quantitative assessment to show that the proposed changes would not affect the protection of workers, the public, or the environment. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 Remote-Handled Transuranic Waste3 Regulatory Context for the Disposal of Remote-Handled Transuranic Waste4 Department of Energy's Proposed Characterization Plan5 Assessment of the Proposed Characterization PlanReferencesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B: Information-Gathering MeetingsAppendix C: Excerpt from the Committee's Interim Report: Chapter 5Appendix D: DOE's Response to the Committee's Interim ReportAppendix E: Information About Selected Transuranic Waste Generator SitesAppendix F: Overview of the Contact-Handled Transuranic Waste Characterization PlanAppendix G: Non-Destructive Techniques for Remote-Handled Transuranic Waste CharacterizationAppendix H: Waste Dose Rates and Characterization Cost EstimatesAppendix I: GlossaryAppendix J: Acronyms

DKK 292.00
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Uncertainty Management in Remote Sensing of Climate Data - Climate Research Committee - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Uncertainty Management in Remote Sensing of Climate Data - Climate Research Committee - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Great advances have been made in our understanding of the climate system over the past few decades, and remotely sensed data have played a key role in supporting many of these advances. Improvements in satellites and in computational and data-handling techniques have yielded high quality, readily accessible data. However, rapid increases in data volume have also led to large and complex datasets that pose significant challenges in data analysis. Uncertainty characterization is needed for every satellite mission and scientists continue to be challenged by the need to reduce the uncertainty in remotely sensed climate records and projections. The approaches currently used to quantify the uncertainty in remotely sensed data lack an overall mathematically based framework. An additional challenge is characterizing uncertainty in ways that are useful to a broad spectrum of end-users. In December 2008, the National Academies held a workshop, summarized in this volume, to survey how statisticians, climate scientists, and remote sensing experts might address the challenges of uncertainty management in remote sensing of climate data. The workshop emphasized raising and discussing issues that could be studied more intently by individual researchers or teams of researchers, and setting the stage for possible future collaborative activities. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Cross-Cutting Issues3 Concluding ThoughtsReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Summaries of Workshop PresentationsAppendix C: Planning Committee andRapporteur Biographies

DKK 208.00
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Leveraging Commercial Space for Earth and Ocean Remote Sensing - Committee For The Assessment Of Partnership Options For A Small Satellite System For

Leveraging Commercial Space for Earth and Ocean Remote Sensing - Committee For The Assessment Of Partnership Options For A Small Satellite System For

Within the past decade an ever-growing number of New Space organizations have emerged that are unencumbered by legacy practices and constraints. By reimagining, creating, and continuously improving SmallSat space technology a new and growing space ecosystem is now in place that is capable of serving a broad stakeholder community of both traditional users and new or nontraditional users. Current commercial practices are expanding with capabilities including technology and business-driven applications that open the door to a broad and vibrant ecosystem offering a wide range of solutions capable of supporting a growing range of stakeholders. In parallel to traditional approaches, space infrastructure related to manufacturing, such as customized spacecraft buses, instruments, and sensors—including high-resolution imaging and radar systems rivaling the performance of traditional systems—are emerging in both growing volume and with constantly improving capability. On the operational commercial ground stations are now routinely available, as are data management and analytics including cloud computing for data access and archiving. Thus, if properly encouraged and nourished, a broadly capable ecosystem can emerge including new business opportunities for data fusion, analysis, and databuys, as well as ground/space communications that can equally benefit both traditional and nontraditional user communities. Leveraging Commercial Space for Earth and Ocean Remote Sensing assesses the feasibility and implications of creating and exploiting partnerships for developing, deploying, and operating a system of satellites and supporting infrastructure capable of sensing ocean, coastal, atmospheric, and hydrologic data of sufficient scientific quality to enable prediction models and to support near real time applications of national interest. This report identifies and describes promising options for such a system. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Current and Future Commercial Landscape3 Hybrid Space Architecture and the Pathway to a New Space Ecosystem4 Science and Applications5 Benefits and Challenges of New Business Models6 Concluding Statement by the CommitteeAppendixesAppendix A: the National Oceanographic Partnership Program Challenge of Conducting a Technology DemonstrationAppendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 188.00
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Assessing the Requirements for Sustained Ocean Color Research and Operations - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Assessing the Requirements for Sustained Ocean Color Research and Operations - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The ocean is a fundamental component of the earth's biosphere. It covers roughly 70 percent of Earth's surface and plays a pivotal role in the cycling of life's building blocks, such as nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. The ocean also contributes to regulating the climate system. Most of the primary producers in the ocean comprise of microscopic plants and some bacteria; and these photosynthetic organisms (phytoplankton) form the base of the ocean's food web. Monitoring the health of the ocean and its productivity is critical to understanding and managing the ocean's essential functions and living resources. Because the ocean is so vast and difficult for humans to explore, satellite remote sensing of ocean color is currently the only way to observe and monitor the biological state of the surface ocean globally on time scales of days to decades. Ocean color measurements reveal a wealth of ecologically important characteristics including: chlorophyll concentration, the rate of phytoplankton photosynthesis, sediment transport, dispersion of pollutants, and responses of oceanic biota to long-term climate changes. Continuity of satellite ocean color data and associated climate research products are presently at significant risk for the U.S. ocean color community. Assessing Requirements for Sustained Ocean Color Research and Operations aims to identify the ocean color data needs for a broad range of end users, develop a consensus for the minimum requirements, and outline options to meet these needs on a sustained basis. The report assesses lessons learned in global ocean color remote sensing from the SeaWiFS/MODIS era to guide planning for acquisition of future global ocean color radiance data to support U.S. research and operational needs. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Sustaining and Advancing Ocean Color Research and Operations3 Lessons Learned from Ocean Color Satellite Missions and Essential Requirements for Future Success4 Capabilities of Current and Planned Ocean Color Sensor Missions5 Advancing Global Ocean Color Remote Sensing into the FutureReferencesAppendix A: Past, Present, and Planned SensorsAppendix B: Vicarious CalibrationAppendix C: Comprehensive Oceanic and Atmospheric Optical DatasetsAppendix D: Commercial GEO-Satellite Hosted Remote SensingAppendix E: AcronymsAppendix F: Committee and Staff Biographies

DKK 273.00
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Evolving the Geodetic Infrastructure to Meet New Scientific Needs - Committee On Evolving The Geodetic Infrastructure To Meet New Scientific Needs -

Evolving the Geodetic Infrastructure to Meet New Scientific Needs - Committee On Evolving The Geodetic Infrastructure To Meet New Scientific Needs -

Satellite remote sensing is the primary tool for measuring global changes in the land, ocean, biosphere, and atmosphere. Over the past three decades, active remote sensing technologies have enabled increasingly precise measurements of Earth processes, allowing new science questions to be asked and answered. As this measurement precision increases, so does the need for a precise geodetic infrastructure. Evolving the Geodetic Infrastructure to Meet New Scientific Needs summarizes progress in maintaining and improving the geodetic infrastructure and identifies improvements to meet new science needs that were laid out in the 2018 report Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space. Focusing on sea-level change, the terrestrial water cycle, geological hazards, weather and climate, and ecosystems, this study examines the specific aspects of the geodetic infrastructure that need to be maintained or improved to help answer the science questions being considered. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Progress in Maintaining and Improving the Geodetic Infrastructure3 Sea-Level Change4 Terrestrial Water Cycle5 Geological Hazards: Earthquakes and Volcanoes6 Weather and Climate7 Ecosystems8 Priorities for Maintaining and Enhancing the Geodetic InfrastructureAppendix A: Science and Applications Traceability MatrixesAppendix B: Speakers and Workshop ParticipantsAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 448.00
1

Enhancing the Value and Sustainability of Field Stations and Marine Laboratories in the 21st Century - National Research Council - Bog - National

Enhancing the Value and Sustainability of Field Stations and Marine Laboratories in the 21st Century - National Research Council - Bog - National

For over a century, field stations have been important entryways for scientists to study and make important discoveries about the natural world. They are centers of research, conservation, education, and public outreach, often embedded in natural environments that range from remote to densely populated urban locations. Because they lack traditional university departmental boundaries, researchers at field stations have the opportunity to converge their science disciplines in ways that can change careers and entire fields of inquiry. Field stations provide physical space for immersive research, hands-on learning, and new collaborations that are otherwise hard to achieve in the everyday bustle of research and teaching lives on campus. But the separation from university campuses that allows creativity to flourish also creates challenges. Sometimes, field stations are viewed as remote outposts and are overlooked because they tend to be away from population centers and their home institutions. This view is exacerbated by the lack of empirical evidence that can be used to demonstrate their value to science and society. Enhancing the Value and Sustainability of Field Stations and Marine Laboratories in the 21st Century summarizes field stations' value to science, education, and outreach and evaluates their contributions to research, innovation, and education. This report suggests strategies to meet future research, education, outreach, infrastructure, funding, and logistical needs of field stations. Today's technologies - such as streaming data, remote sensing, robot-driven monitoring, automated DNA sequencing, and nanoparticle environmental sensors - provide means for field stations to retain their special connection to nature and still interact with the rest of the world in ways that can fuel breakthroughs in the environmental, physical, natural, and social sciences. The intellectual and natural capital of today's field stations present a solid platform, but many need enhancements of infrastructure and dynamic leadership if they are to meet the challenges of the complex problems facing the world. This report focuses on the capability of field stations to address societal needs today and in the future.

DKK 299.00
1

Science at Sea - Committee On Evolution Of The National Oceanographic Research Fleet - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Science at Sea - Committee On Evolution Of The National Oceanographic Research Fleet - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The U.S. academic research fleet is an essential national resource, and it is likely that scientific demands on the fleet will increase. Oceanographers are embracing a host of remote technologies that can facilitate the collection of data, but will continue to require capable, adaptable research vessels for access to the sea for the foreseeable future. Maintaining U.S. leadership in ocean research will require investing in larger and more capable general purpose Global and Regional class ships; involving the scientific community in all phases of ship design and acquisition; and improving coordination between agencies that operate research fleets.

DKK 279.00
1

Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences - Water Science And Technology Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences - Water Science And Technology Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

New research opportunities to advance hydrologic sciences promise a better understanding of the role of water in the Earth system that could help improve human welfare and the health of the environment. Reaching this understanding will require both exploratory research to better understand how the natural environment functions, and problem-driven research, to meet needs such as flood protection, supply of drinking water, irrigation, and water pollution. Collaboration among hydrologists, engineers, and scientists in other disciplines will be central to meeting the interdisciplinary research challenges outline in this report. New technological capabilities in remote sensing, chemical analysis, computation, and hydrologic modeling will help scientists leverage new research opportunities.

DKK 318.00
1

Global Air Quality - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Global Air Quality - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The National Research Council's Committee on Atmospheric Chemistry (NRC/CAC) was established to serve as a focal point for NRC activities on issues related to atmospheric chemical change and its impacts on air quality, climate, stratospheric ozone depletion, and other related issues. The committee consists of 12 members with expertise covering the areas of tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry; urban/regional air pollution; modeling of climate, chemistry, and atmospheric dynamics; in situ and remote sensing observational systems; and interfaces of science and public policy. This CAC study was motivated by a concern that, in the coming decades, dramatic increases in global population and urbanization levels, as well as changes in global climate, may significantly affect air quality over large regions of the globe. The charge to the committee was to examine the linkages among regional/ global changes in atmospheric composition, climate change, and air quality.

DKK 305.00
1

Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational Satellite Systems for Climate Research - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational Satellite Systems for Climate Research - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

Currently, the Departments of Defense (DOD) and Commerce (DOC) acquire and operate separate polarorbiting environmental satellite systems that collect data needed for military and civil weather forecasting. The National Performance Review (NPR) and subsequent Presidential Decision Directive (PDD), directed the DOD (Air Force) and the DOC (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA) to establish a converged national weather satellite program that would meet U.S. civil and national security requirements and fulfill international obligations. NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), and potentially other NASA programs, were included in the converged program to provide new remote sensing and spacecraft technologies that could improve the operational capabilities of the converged system. The program that followed, called the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), combined the follow-on to the DOD's Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and the DOC's Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) program. The tri-agency Integrated Program Office (IPO) for NPOESS was subsequently established to manage the acquisition and operations of the converged satellite. Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational Satellite Systems for Climate Research analyzes issues related to the integration of EOS and NPOESS, especially as they affect research and monitoring activities related to Earth's climate and whether it is changing.

DKK 318.00
1

The Use of Telehealth for Disability Evaluations in Medicine and Allied Health - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press -

The Use of Telehealth for Disability Evaluations in Medicine and Allied Health - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press -

Over the past few years the common use of telehealth technology has been rapidly expanding. While remote models of care have been successfully used in rural communities for decades, the adoption of telehealth rapidly expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic, narrowing some gaps in care access and equity while exacerbating health care inequities in other ways. At the request of the Social Security Administration, the National Academies hosted a workshop on March 9 and 10, 2022 to examine the use of telehealth for patient evaluation. The workshop explored the evolution of telehealth and commonly used terminology, the impact of inequities in digital access, privacy and cybersecurity concerns, its use in a variety of allied health and medical specialties for patient evaluation, and interstate licensure related to providing telehealth care. This publication provides a high-level summary of the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Telehealth Overview3 Telehealth and the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency4 The Use of Telehealth for Evaluations by Clinical Specialties5 Telehealth Access6 The Experiences of Other Health Care Systems7 Licensure, Privacy, and Security8 ReflectionsAppendix A: ReferencesAppendix B: Statement of TaskAppendix C: Workshop AgendaAppendix D: Planning Committee and Speaker BiographiesAppendix E: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 195.00
1

Exploration of Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments - Committee On Principles Of Environmental Stewardship For The Exploration And Study Of

Exploration of Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments - Committee On Principles Of Environmental Stewardship For The Exploration And Study Of

Antarctica is renowned for its extreme cold; yet surprisingly, radar measurements have revealed a vast network of lakes, rivers, and streams several kilometers beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. Sealed from Earth's atmosphere for millions of years, they may provide vital information about microbial evolution, the past climate of the Antarctic, and the formation of ice sheets, among other things. The next stage of exploration requires direct sampling of these aquatic systems. However, if sampling is not done cautiously, the environmental integrity and scientific value of these environments could be compromised. At the request of the National Science Foundation, this National Research Council assesses what is needed to responsibly explore subglacial lakes. Exploration of Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments concludes that it is time for research on subglacial lakes to begin, and this research should be guided by internationally agreed upon protocols. The book suggests an initial protocol, which includes full characterization of the lakes by remote sensing, and minimum standards for biological and other types of contamination. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Geological and Geophysical Setting3 Subglacial Environments: Biological Features4 Drilling and Sampling Technologies and the Potential for Contamination5 Antarctic Governance and Implications for Exploration of Subglacial Aquatic Environments6 Findings and RecommendationsReferencesA Statement of TaskB Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersC List of Acronyms

DKK 331.00
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Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Modern transportation allows people, animals, and plants—and the pathogens they carry—to travel more easily than ever before. The ease and speed of travel, tourism, and international trade connect once-remote areas with one another, eliminating many of the geographic and cultural barriers that once limited the spread of disease. Because of our global interconnectedness through transportation, tourism and trade, infectious diseases emerge more frequently; spread greater distances; pass more easily between humans and animals; and evolve into new and more virulent strains. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted the workshop "Globalization, Movement of Pathogens (and Their Hosts) and the Revised International Health Regulations" December 16-17, 2008 in order to explore issues related to infectious disease spread in a "borderless" world. Participants discussed the global emergence, establishment, and surveillance of infectious diseases; the complex relationship between travel, trade, tourism, and the spread of infectious diseases; national and international policies for mitigating disease movement locally and globally; and obstacles and opportunities for detecting and containing these potentially wide-reaching and devastating diseases. This document summarizes the workshop. Table of ContentsFront MatterWorkshop Overview1 Migration, Mobility, and Health2 Travel, Conflict, Trade, and Disease3 Mobile Animals and Disease4 Global Public Health Governance and the Revised International Health Regulations5 Global Disease Surveillance and ResponseAppendix A: AgendaAppendix B: AcronymsAppendix C: GlossaryAppendix D: Forum Member Biographies

DKK 403.00
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The Future of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observing, Understanding, and Modeling - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Future of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observing, Understanding, and Modeling - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Improved observations of the atmospheric boundary layer (BL) and its interactions with the ocean, land, and ice surfaces have great potential to advance science on a number of fronts, from improving forecasts of severe storms and air quality to constraining estimates of trace gas emissions and transport. Understanding the BL is a crucial component of model advancements, and increased societal demands for extended weather impact forecasts (from hours to months and beyond) highlight the need to advance Earth system modeling and prediction. New observing technologies and approaches (including in situ and ground-based, airborne, and satellite remote sensing) have the potential to radically increase the density of observations and allow new types of variables to be measured within the BL, which will have broad scientific and societal benefits. In October 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore the future of BL observations and their role in improving modeling and forecasting capabilities. Workshop participants discussed the science and applications drivers for BL observation, emerging technology to improve observation capabilities, and strategies for the future. This publication summarizes presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront MatterOverviewScience and Applications Drivers for Boundary Layer ObservationsEmerging Technology for ObservationsStrategies for Future ObservationFinal ThoughtsAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Planning Committee BiosketchesAppendix C: Workshop AgendaAppendix D: Workshop Participants

DKK 266.00
1

Human-Automation Interaction Considerations for Unmanned Aerial System Integration into the National Airspace System - Division Of Behavioral And

Human-Automation Interaction Considerations for Unmanned Aerial System Integration into the National Airspace System - Division Of Behavioral And

Prior to 2012, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) technology had been primarily used by the military and hobbyists, but it has more recently transitioned to broader application, including commercial and scientific applications, as well as to expanded military use. These new uses encroach on existing structures for managing the nation's airspace andpresent significant challenges to ensure that UASs are coordinated safely and suitably with existing manned aircraft and air traffic management systems, particularly with the National Airspace System (NAS). Of particular concern is the interaction between human pilots, operators, or controllers and increasingly automated systems. Enhanced understanding ofthese interactions is essential to avoid unintended consequences, especially as new technologies emerge. In order to explore these issues, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a 2-day workshop in January 2018. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Human-Systems Integration Issues for UASs and Automation Technologies3 The Reality of Full Ground-Control Automation4 Transition Planning from Old to New Ground-Control Systems5 Near-Term Human-Systems Integration Challenges with UAS Automation6 Knowledge Gaps7 DoD R&D Efforts in Ground-Control Systems8 Man vs. Machine or Man Machine?9 Considerations for a Remote Pilot in Command10 Final ThoughtsAppendixesAppendix A: Workshop ParticipantsAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members and Presenters

DKK 448.00
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Beyond Mapping - Board On Earth Sciences And Resources - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Beyond Mapping - Board On Earth Sciences And Resources - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Geographic information systems (GIS), the Global Positioning System (GPS), remote sensing, and other information technologies have all changed the nature of work in the mapping sciences and in the professions, industries, and institutions that depend on them for basic research and education. Today, geographic information systems have become central to the ways thousands of government agencies, private companies, and not-for-profit organizations do business. However, the supply of GIS/GIScience professionals has not kept pace with the demand generated by growing needs for more and improved geographic information systems and for more robust geographic data. Beyond Mapping assesses the state of mapping sciences at the beginning of the twenty-first century and identifies the critical national needs for GIS/GIScience professionals. It examines the forces that drive and accompany the need for GIS/GIScience professionals, including technological change, demand for geographic information, and changes in organizations. It assesses education and research needs, including essential training and education, new curriculum challenges and responses, quality assurance in education and training, and organizational challenges. Some of the report's recommendations include more collaboration among academic disciplines, private companies, and government agencies; the implementation of GIS/GIScience at all levels of education; and the development of a coherent, comprehensive research agenda for the mapping sciences. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Geographic Information Science Today and Tomorrow2 Education and Curriculum Needs in GIS/GIScience3 GIS/GIScience Research Needs4 Recommendations5 AfterwordReferencesAppendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and StaffAppendix B Workshop Agenda and ParticipantsAppendix C Evolution of the Mapping SciencesAppendix D Acronyms

DKK 273.00
1

Views of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on Agenda Items at Issue at the World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 -

Views of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on Agenda Items at Issue at the World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 -

The radio frequency spectrum is a limited resource for which there is an ever-increasing demand from an expansive range of applications - all the way from commercial, such as mobile phones, to scientific, such as hurricane monitoring from space. Since radio waves do not stop at national borders, international regulation is necessary to ensure effective use of the radio spectrum for all parties. Use of the radio spectrum is regulated internationally by the Radio Regulations (RR), an international treaty. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has as its mission the facilitation of the efficient and interference-free use of the radio spectrum. Every 2 to 5 years, the ITU convenes a World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) to review and revise the international RR. Changes to the RR are formulated through proposals to the conference according to Agenda Items, which are agreed on at the previous WRC. At the request of the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, this report provides guidance to U.S. spectrum managers and policymakers as they prepare for the 2023 WRC to protect the scientific exploration of Earth and the universe using the radio spectrum. This report identifies the 2023 agenda items of relevance to U.S. radio astronomers and Earth remote sensing researchers, along with proposed agenda items for the 2027 WRC. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Views of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on Selected WRC-23 and WRC-27 Agenda ItemsAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 292.00
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Autonomy Research for Civil Aviation - Committee On Autonomy Research For Civil Aviation - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Autonomy Research for Civil Aviation - Committee On Autonomy Research For Civil Aviation - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The development and application of increasingly autonomous (IA) systems for civil aviation is proceeding at an accelerating pace, driven by the expectation that such systems will return significant benefits in terms of safety, reliability, efficiency, affordability, and/or previously unattainable mission capabilities. IA systems range from current automatic systems such as autopilots and remotely piloted unmanned aircraft to more highly sophisticated systems that are needed to enable a fully autonomous aircraft that does not require a pilot or human air traffic controllers. These systems, characterized by their ability to perform more complex mission-related tasks with substantially less human intervention for more extended periods of time, sometimes at remote distances, are being envisioned for aircraft and for air traffic management and other ground-based elements of the national airspace system. Civil aviation is on the threshold of potentially revolutionary improvements in aviation capabilities and operations associated with IA systems. These systems, however, face substantial barriers to integration into the national airspace system without degrading its safety or efficiency. Autonomy Research for Civil Aviation identifies key barriers and suggests major elements of a national research agenda to address those barriers and help realize the benefits that IA systems can make to crewed aircraft, unmanned aircraft systems, and ground-based elements of the national airspace system. This report develops a set of integrated and comprehensive technical goals and objectives of importance to the civil aeronautics community and the nation. Autonomy Research for Civil Aviation will be of interest to U.S. research organizations, industry, and academia who have a role in meeting these goals.

DKK 292.00
1