Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog -
The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others?Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in Spark-Ignition Engines3 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in Compression-Ignition Diesel Engines4 Electrified Powertrains5 Transmissions6 Non-Powertrain Technologies7 Cost and Manufacturing Considerations for Meeting Fuel Economy Standards8 Estimates of Technology Costs and Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness9 Consumer Impacts and Acceptance Issues10 Overall Assessment of CAFE Program Methodology and DesignAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Committee BiographiesAppendix C: Presentations and Committee MeetingsAppendix D: Ideal Thermodynamic Cycles for Otto, Diesel, and Atkinson EnginesAppendix E: SI Engine Definitions and Efficiency FundamentalsAppendix F: Examples of Friction Reduction Opportunities for Main Engine ComponentsAppendix G: Friction Reduction in Downsized EnginesAppendix H: Variable Valve Timing SystemsAppendix I: Variable Valve Lift SystemsAppendix J: Reasons for Potential Differences from NHTSA Estimates for Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Turbocharged, Downsized EnginesAppendix K: DOE Research Projects on Turbocharged and Downsized EnginesAppendix L: Relationship between Power and PerformanceAppendix M: HCCI ProjectsAppendix N: Effect of Compression Ratio of Brake Thermal EfficiencyAppendix O: Variable Compression Ratio EnginesAppendix P: Fuel Consumption Impact of Tier 3 Emission StandardsAppendix Q: Examples of EPA's Standards for GasolineAppendix R: Impact of Low Carbon Fuels to Achieve Reductions in GHG Emissions (California LCFS 2007 Alternative Fuels and Cleaner Fossil Fuels CNG, LPG)Appendix S: NHTSA's Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Technologies and Estimated Costs of TechnologiesAppendix T: Derivation of Turbocharged, Downsized Engine Direct Manufacturing CostsAppendix U: SI Engine Pathway NHTSA Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs and Total CostsAppendix V: SI Engine Pathway NRC Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway, Alternative High CR with Exhaust Scavenging, and Alternative EVAS SuperchargerAppendix W: Technologies, Footprints, and Fuel Economy for Example Passenger Cars, Trucks, and Hybrid Passenger CarsAppendix X: Full System Simulation Modeling of Fuel Consumption ReductionsAppendix Y: Acronym List