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Measuring and Improving Infrastructure Performance - Committee On Measuring And Improving Infrastructure Performance - Bog - National Academies Press

Measuring and Improving Infrastructure Performance - Committee On Measuring And Improving Infrastructure Performance - Bog - National Academies Press

Develops a framework for guiding attempts at measuring the performance of infrastructure systems and grapples with the concept of defining good performance. This book focuses on urban regions, within a context of national policy. It also provides the basis for analysis and application at the local, regional, state, and national levels.

DKK 292.00
1

Human Performance Modification - Cognitive Board On Behavioral - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Human Performance Modification - Cognitive Board On Behavioral - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The development of technologies to modify natural human physical and cognitive performance is one of increasing interest and concern, especially among military services that may be called on to defeat foreign powers with enhanced warfighter capabilities. Human performance modification (HPM) is a general term that can encompass actions ranging from the use of "natural" materials, such as caffeine or khat as a stimulant, to the application of nanotechnology as a drug delivery mechanism or in an invasive brain implant. Although the literature on HPM typically addresses methods that enhance performance, another possible focus is methods that degrade performance or negatively affect a military force's ability to fight. Advances in medicine, biology, electronics, and computation have enabled an increasingly sophisticated ability to modify the human body, and such innovations will undoubtedly be adopted by military forces, with potential consequences for both sides of the battle lines. Although some innovations may be developed for purely military applications, they are increasingly unlikely to remain exclusively in that sphere because of the globalization and internationalization of the commercial research base. Based on its review of the literature, the presentations it received and on its own expertise, the Committee on Assessing Foreign Technology Development in Human Performance Modification chose to focus on three general areas of HPM: human cognitive modification as a computational problem, human performance modification as a biological problem, and human performance modification as a function of the brain-computer interface. Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future summarizes these findings. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Human Cognitive Modification as a Computational Problem3 Human Performance Modification as a Biological Problem4 Human Performance Modification as a Function of BrainComputer InterfacesBibliographyAppendixesAppendix A: Biographic Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B: Meetings and SpeakersAppendix C: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix D: Contextual Issues

DKK 227.00
1

Enhancing Organizational Performance - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Enhancing Organizational Performance - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Total quality management (TQM), reengineering, the workplace of the twenty-first century—the 1990s have brought a sense of urgency to organizations to change or face stagnation and decline, according to Enhancing Organizational Performance. Organizations are adopting popular management techniques, some scientific, some faddish, often without introducing them properly or adequately measuring the outcome. Enhancing Organizational Performance reviews the most popular current approaches to organizational change—total quality management, reengineering, and downsizing—in terms of how they affect organizations and people, how performance improvements can be measured, and what questions remain to be answered by researchers. The committee explores how theory, doctrine, accepted wisdom, and personal experience have all served as sources for organization design. Alternative organization structures such as teams, specialist networks, associations, and virtual organizations are examined. Enhancing Organizational Performance looks at the influence of the organization's norms, values, and beliefs—its culture—on people and their performance, identifying cultural "levers" available to organization leaders. And what is leadership? The committee sorts through a wealth of research to identify behaviors and skills related to leadership effectiveness. The volume examines techniques for developing these skills and suggests new competencies that will become required with globalization and other trends. Mergers, networks, alliances, coalitions—organizations are increasingly turning to new intra- and inter-organizational structures. Enhancing Organizational Performance discusses how organizations cooperate to maximize outcomes. The committee explores the changing missions of the U.S. Army as a case study that has relevance to any organization. Noting that a musical greeting card contains more computing power than existed in the entire world before 1950, the committee addresses the impact of new technologies on performance. With examples, insights, and practical criteria, Enhancing Organizational Performance clarifies the nature of organizations and the prospects for performance improvement. This book will be important to corporate leaders, executives, and managers; faculty and students in organizational performance and the social sciences; business journalists; researchers; and interested individuals. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Organizational Change and Redesign2 Techniques for Making Organizations Effective3 Organizational Culture4 Developing Leaders5: Interorganizational Relations6: New Military Missions7: Conflict Management Training for Changing MissionsReferencesAppendix A: Military Organizational CharacteristicsAppendix B: Committee ActivitesAppendix C: Biographical SketchesIndex

DKK 344.00
1

The Future of Computing Performance - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Future of Computing Performance - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The end of dramatic exponential growth in single-processor performance marks the end of the dominance of the single microprocessor in computing. The era of sequential computing must give way to a new era in which parallelism is at the forefront. Although important scientific and engineering challenges lie ahead, this is an opportune time for innovation in programming systems and computing architectures. We have already begun to see diversity in computer designs to optimize for such considerations as power and throughput. The next generation of discoveries is likely to require advances at both the hardware and software levels of computing systems. There is no guarantee that we can make parallel computing as common and easy to use as yesterday's sequential single-processor computer systems, but unless we aggressively pursue efforts suggested by the recommendations in this book, it will be "game over" for growth in computing performance. If parallel programming and related software efforts fail to become widespread, the development of exciting new applications that drive the computer industry will stall; if such innovation stalls, many other parts of the economy will follow suit. The Future of Computing Performance describes the factors that have led to the future limitations on growth for single processors that are based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. It explores challenges inherent in parallel computing and architecture, including ever-increasing power consumption and the escalated requirements for heat dissipation. The book delineates a research, practice, and education agenda to help overcome these challenges. The Future of Computing Performance will guide researchers, manufacturers, and information technology professionals in the right direction for sustainable growth in computer performance, so that we may all enjoy the next level of benefits to society. Table of ContentsFront MatterAbstractSummary1 The Need for Continued Performance Growth2 What Is Computer Performance?3 Power Is Now Limiting Growth in Computing Performance4 The End of Programming as We Know It5 Research, Practice, and Education to Meet Tomorrow's Performance NeedsAppendixesAppendix A: A History of Computer PerformanceAppendix B: Biographies of Committee Members and StaffAppendix C: Reprint of Gordon E. Moore's "Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits"Appendix D: Reprint of Robert H. Dennard's "Design of Ion-Implanted MOSFET's with Very Small Physical Dimensions"

DKK 299.00
1

Waste Forms Technology and Performance - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Waste Forms Technology and Performance - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) is responsible for cleaning up radioactive waste and environmental contamination resulting from five decades of nuclear weapons production and testing. A major focus of this program involves the retrieval, processing, and immobilization of waste into stable, solid waste forms for disposal. Waste Forms Technology and Performance, a report requested by DOE-EM, examines requirements for waste form technology and performance in the cleanup program. The report provides information to DOE-EM to support improvements in methods for processing waste and selecting and fabricating waste forms. Waste Forms Technology and Performance places particular emphasis on processing technologies for high-level radioactive waste, DOE's most expensive and arguably most difficult cleanup challenge. The report's key messages are presented in ten findings and one recommendation.

DKK 357.00
1

Design, Implementation, Monitoring, and Sharing of Performance Standards for Laboratory Animal Use - Institute For Laboratory Animal Research - Bog -

Design, Implementation, Monitoring, and Sharing of Performance Standards for Laboratory Animal Use - Institute For Laboratory Animal Research - Bog -

In order to better understand the critical issues pertaining to the concept of performance standards for laboratory animal use, the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use held a public workshop on April 20-21, 2015. The purpose of the workshop was to promote the appropriate and responsible care of animals in research, to provide a balanced and civil forum for discussion and collaboration, and to help build transparency and trust among stakeholders. Participants addressed the challenges of defining, developing, implementing, assessing, and validating performance standards to ensure "optimal practices, management, and operations." This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Overview of Performance Standards for the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals3 Regulatory and Advisory Perspectives4 End-User Perspectives5 Detailed Steps in the Development and Implementation of Performance Standards6 Reports from the Breakout Sessions7 Sharing Acceptable Performance Standards8 Reflections on the WorkshopAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Organizing Committee MembersAppendix C: Statement of Task

DKK 318.00
1

Key Performance Indicators for Federal Facilities Portfolios - Federal Facilities Council Ad Hoc - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Key Performance Indicators for Federal Facilities Portfolios - Federal Facilities Council Ad Hoc - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

More than 30 federal departments and agencies with a range of missions and programs manage large inventories of facilities, also called portfolios. This study lays out a framework for developing and evaluating trends in facilities portfolio conditions, investments, and costs and identifies key indicators that can be used to track performance.

DKK 208.00
1

Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities - Board On Infrastructure And The Constructed Environment - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities - Board On Infrastructure And The Constructed Environment - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The design, construction, operation, and retrofit of buildings is evolving in response to ever-increasing knowledge about the impact of indoor environments on people and the impact of buildings on the environment. Research has shown that the quality of indoor environments can affect the health, safety, and productivity of the people who occupy them. Buildings are also resource intensive, accounting for 40 percent of primary energy use in the United States, 12 percent of water consumption, and 60 percent of all non-industrial waste. The processes for producing electricity at power plants and delivering it for use in buildings account for 40 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. federal government manages approximately 429,000 buildings of many types with a total square footage of 3.34 billion worldwide, of which about 80 percent is owned space. More than 30 individual departments and agencies are responsible for managing these buildings. The characteristics of each agency's portfolio of facilities are determined by its mission and its programs. In 2010, GSA's Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings asked the National Academies to appoint an ad hoc committee of experts to conduct a public workshop and prepare a report that identified strategies and approaches for achieving a range of objectives associated with high-performance green federal buildings. Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities identifies examples of important initiatives taking place and available resources. The report explores how these examples could be used to help make sustainability the preferred choice at all levels of decision making. Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities can serve as a valuable guide federal agencies with differing missions, types of facilities, and operating procedures.

DKK 260.00
1

Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press -

Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press -

Recent vision research has led to the emergence of new techniques that offer exciting potential for a more complete assessment of vision in clinical, industrial, and military settings. Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance examines four areas of vision testing that offer potential for improved assessment of visual capability including: contrast sensitivity function, dark-focus of accommodation, dynamic visual acuity and dynamic depth tracking, and ambient and focal vision. In contrast to studies of accepted practices, this report focuses on emerging techniques that could help determine whether people have the vision necessary to do their jobs. In addition to examining some of these emerging techniques, the report identifies their usefulness in predicting performance on other visual and visual-motor tasks, and makes recommendations for future research. Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance provides summary recommendations for research that will have significant value and policy implications for the next 5 to 10 years. The content and conclusions of this report can serve as a useful resource for those responsible for screening industrial and military visual function. Table of ContentsFront MatterINTRODUCTIONCONTRAST SENSITIVITY FUNCTIONDARK-FOCUS: ANOMALOUS REFRACTIVE ERRORS AND ACCOMMODATIONDYNAMIC MEASURESTWO MODES OF VISUAL PROCESSINGSUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONSAPPENDIX A: BASIC FACTORS IN SPATIAL CONTRAST SENSITIVITYAPPENDIX B: DETECTION SENSITIVITY AND RESPONSE BIASAPPENDIX C: BASIC CONCEPTS IN FOURIER ANALYSISAPPENDIX D: THE USE OF TESTS FOR SCREENING AND SELECTIONREFERENCES

DKK 266.00
1

The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

It is a commonly held belief that athletes, particularly body builders, have greater requirements for dietary protein than sedentary individuals. However, the evidence in support of this contention is controversial. This book is the latest in a series of publications designed to inform both civilian and military scientists and personnel about issues related to nutrition and military service. Among the many other stressors they experience, soldiers face unique nutritional demands during combat. Of particular concern is the role that dietary protein might play in controlling muscle mass and strength, response to injury and infection, and cognitive performance. The first part of the book contains the committee's summary of the workshop, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The remainder of the book contains papers contributed by speakers at the workshop on such topics as, the effects of aging and hormones on regulation of muscle mass and function, alterations in protein metabolism due to the stress of injury or infection, the role of individual amino acids, the components of proteins, as neurotransmitters, hormones, and modulators of various physiological processes, and the efficacy and safety considerations associated with dietary supplements aimed at enhancing performance.

DKK 643.00
1

Human-AI Teaming - Committee On Human System Integration Research Topics For The 711th Human Performance Wing Of The A - Bog - National Academies

Human-AI Teaming - Committee On Human System Integration Research Topics For The 711th Human Performance Wing Of The A - Bog - National Academies

Although artificial intelligence (AI) has many potential benefits, it has also been shown to suffer from a number of challenges for successful performance in complex real-world environments such as military operations, including brittleness, perceptual limitations, hidden biases, and lack of a model of causation important for understanding and predicting future events. These limitations mean that AI will remain inadequate for operating on its own in many complex and novel situations for the foreseeable future, and that AI will need to be carefully managed by humans to achieve their desired utility. Human-AI Teaming: State-of-the-Art and Research Needs examines the factors that are relevant to the design and implementation of AI systems with respect to human operations. This report provides an overview of the state of research on human-AI teaming to determine gaps and future research priorities and explores critical human-systems integration issues for achieving optimal performance. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Human-AI Teaming Methods and Models3 Human-AI Teaming Processes and Effectiveness4 Situation Awareness in Human-AI Teams5 AI Transparency and Explainability6 Human-AI Team Interaction7 Trusting AI Teammates8 Identification and Mitigation of Bias in Human-AI Teams9 Training Human-AI Teams10 HSI Processes and Measures of Human-AI Team Collaboration and Performance11 ConclusionsReferencesAppendixesAppendix A: Committee BiographiesAppendix B: Human-AI Teaming Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Definitions

DKK 214.00
1

Evaluating Federal Research Programs - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Evaluating Federal Research Programs - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), passed by Congress in 1993, requires that federal agencies write five-year strategic plans with annual performance goals and produce an annual report that demonstrates whether the goals have been met. The first performance reports are due in March 2000. Measuring the performance of basic research is particularly challenging because major breakthroughs can be unpredictable and difficult to assess in the short term. This book recommends that federal agencies use an "expert review" method to examine the quality of research they support, the relevance of that research to their mission, and whether the research is at the international forefront of scientific and technological knowledge. It also addresses the issues of matching evaluation measurements to the character of the research performed, improving coordination among agencies when research is in the same field, and including a human resource development component in GPRA strategic and performance plans.

DKK 305.00
1

Getting to Positive Outcomes for Children in Child Care - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Getting to Positive Outcomes for Children in Child Care - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

As a result of the heightened public and political attention and the movement toward standards and accountability, performance measurement has emerged as an important concern in the early childhood care and education field. At the request of the Department of Health and Human Services' Administration for Children and Families, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families convened two workshops to learn from existing efforts to develop performance measures for early childhood care and education, to consider what would be involved in developing and implementing an effective performance measurement system for this field, and to delineate some critical next steps for moving such an effort forward.

DKK 305.00
1