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The Science of Ethanol - Walter E. Goldstein - Bog - Taylor & Francis Inc - Plusbog.dk

This book covers all facets involving the production and use of ethanol. Topics include the optimization of raw materials, energy, capital, process model-based computer control, and human resources to produce ethanol. It compares and contrasts processes to prepare ethanol using biotechnology processes to prepare ethanol from chemical synthesis. Matters of optimization of ethanol use as fuel/fuel components are addressed based on thermodynamics, kinetics, and usage. It also discusses pollutants produced from ethanol and mixtures containing ethanol, the status of ways to control these pollutants, and what can be done to minimize the harm to the earth’s ecosystems due to ethanol and gasoline reactions.

Brazil's Ethanol & Cotton Industries - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Brazil is a major supplier of ethanol to the world market, the result of its natural advantage in producing sugarcane. Global demand for ethanol and other biobased fuels is expected to grow in response to mandates for increased use of renewable fuels around the world and Brazil will be well positioned to fill the growing world demand for ethanol. Brazil is also one of the world''s leading cotton producers and an important competitor of the United States in Asian and European cotton markets. This book provides an overview of Brazil''s ethanol and cotton industries with a focus on future economic reform and development.

Process Synthesis for Fuel Ethanol Production - L.f. Gutierrez - Bog - Taylor & Francis Ltd - Plusbog.dk

Process engineering can potentially provide the means to develop economically viable and environmentally friendly technologies for the production of fuel ethanol. Focusing on a key tool of process engineering, Process Synthesis for Fuel Ethanol Production is a comprehensive guide to the design and analysis of the most advanced technologies for fuel ethanol production from feedstocks. It describes how process systems engineering can be applied to fuel ethanol production to achieve new levels of efficiency according to technical, economic, and environmental criteria. Drawing on the authors’ more than 15 years of process engineering and ethanol research, the book first focuses on liquid biofuels, before examining the role of process synthesis in the rapid and high-tech analysis and design of complex biotechnological processes. It then describes various types of feedstocks, including sugars, starchy crops, lignocellulosic biomass, and microorganisms, as well as hydrolysis technologies, such as saccharification. The authors cover the fuel ethanol production technologies for different feedstocks, the new technological innovations based on process integration to reduce energy consumption, and the environmental issues of bioethanol production. They also discuss the technological configurations for fuel ethanol production in the industry and the possible factors affecting food security with fuel ethanol production and consumption. Supported by case studies that include calculations and discussions of results, this book uses a process engineering approach to explore the analysis and development of fuel ethanol production from different feedstocks. It shows how accurate analysis and precise design, along with responsible government policies, can lead to fair and sustainable development of energy crops worldwide.

Ethanol - Thomas D. Rogers - Bog - University of Oklahoma Press - Plusbog.dk

Though ethanol, a liquid fuel made from agricultural byproducts, has generated controversy in recent years - good or bad for the environment? a big-ag boon or boondoggle? - its use goes back more than a century. Tracing the little-known history of this promising and contentious fuel, Ethanol: A Hemispheric History for the Future of Biofuels reveals the transnational nature of ethanol's development by its two biggest producers, the U.S. and Brazil. By drawing the connections between the shifting fortunes of ethanol in these two countries, the book presents the first full picture of the long history of this renewable fuel that from the beginning offered an imperfect alternative to oil. Though generally presented as parallel stories, the histories of ethanol in the U.S. and Brazil are inextricably linked. Authors Jeffrey T. Manuel and Thomas D. Rogers show how policies in one country shaped those in the other. Brazil patterned its mid-century development on the U.S. model, adopting an automobile- and highway-focused transportation system and a fossil fuel-intensive agricultural sector. U.S. policymakers in turn took note when Brazil responded to the 1970s oil shocks by distributing ethanol nationwide, replacing half of its gasoline consumption. In the 2000s, the nations' leaders worked together to dramatically expand ethanol production. Today, as a new generation of biofuels meant to power aviation and fight climate change again connects Brazilian and U.S. ethanol, Manuel and Rogers explain how the fuel's future, like its history, is complicated by technical, scientific, economic, and social questions - about how to calculate carbon emissions, agricultural land use, national security and sovereignty, and the balance between government regulation and market forces. Understanding the future of biofuels demands a reckoning with this extensive, shared history - a reckoning that Manuel and Rogers's far-reaching, deeply researched book brings into view.

Ethanol and the Liver - Ronald Ross Watson - Bog - Taylor & Francis Ltd - Plusbog.dk

Distilling the available knowledge on ethanol-induced liver damage and directly complementing the available bio-medical literature, Ethanol and the Liver covers pathogenic and clinical aspects of alcoholic liver disease. Providing broader coverage of the subject than any available monograph, the editors and their panel of experts relate basic science to pathogenesis and treatment modalities and explore future developments. Coverage includes: Histopathology-fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis Ethanol metabolism and its consequences Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ALD, including genetics, immunology, and insulin-like growth factors Extrahepatic effects of ALD and the role of alcohol in potentiating liver damage due to other etiologies Interaction of alcohol with viral hepatitis Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment Management strategies, including transplantation The vast amount of knowledge and expertise gathered in this book make it an unparalleled resource.

Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol - Ernest V. Burkheisser - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

The purpose of this book is to define barriers and challenges to a rapid expansion of cellulosic-ethanol production and determine ways to speed solutions through concerted application of modern biology tools as part of a joint research agenda. Although the focus was ethanol, the science applies to additional fuels that include biodiesel and other bioproducts or coproducts having critical roles in any deployment scheme. The core barrier is cellulosic-biomass recalcitrance to processing to ethanol. Biomass is composed of nature''s most ready energy source, sugars, but they are locked in a complex polymer composite exquisitely created to resist biological and chemical degradation. Key to energising a new biofuel industry based on conversion of cellulose (and hemicelluloses) to ethanol is to understand plant cell-wall chemical and physical structures -- how they are synthesised and can be deconstructed. With this knowledge, innovative energy crops -- plants specifically designed for industrial processing to biofuel -- can be developed concurrently with new biology-based treatment and conversion methods. Recent advances in science and technological capabilities, especially those from the nascent discipline of systems biology, promise to accelerate and enhance this development. Resulting technologies will create a fundamentally new process and biorefinery paradigm that will enable an efficient and economic industry for converting plant biomass to liquid fuels. These key barriers and suggested research strategies to address them are described in this book. The core barrier is cellulosic-biomass recalcitrance to processing to ethanol. Biomass is composed of nature''s most ready energy source, sugars, but they are locked in a complex polymer composite exquisitely created to resist biological and chemical degradation. Key to energising a new biofuel industry based on conversion of cellulose (and hemicelluloses) to ethanol is to understand plant cell-wall chemical and physical structures -- how they are synthesised and can be deconstructed. With this knowledge, innovative energy crops -- plants specifically designed for industrial processing to biofuel -- can be developed concurrently with new biology-based treatment and conversion methods. Recent advances in science and technological capabilities, especially those from the nascent discipline of systems biology, promise to accelerate and enhance this development. Resulting technologies will create a fundamentally new process and biorefinery paradigm that will enable an efficient and economic industry for converting plant biomass to liquid fuels. These key barriers and suggested research strategies to address them are described in this book.

Gasoline, Diesel, and Ethanol Biofuels from Grasses and Plants - Ram B. Gupta - Bog - Cambridge University Press - Plusbog.dk

The first-generation biofuels - ethanol from sugar or corn and biodiesel from vegetable oils - created to replace petroleum are already in the market, with limited success. However, alternatives to petroleum must be technically feasible, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable, and easily available. This book introduces readers to second-generation biofuels from non-food biomass.

Sociological Look at Biofuels - Michael S Carolan - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

This book concentrates on biofuels and specifically on ethanol within the United States (US), though in the concluding chapter the author expands the discussion to include other agro-based fuels. The focus reflects current production realties. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, some 168 ethanol distilleries in the U.S. produced more than 9.2 million gallons of ethanol in 2008 (up from 6.5 million in 2007). Biodiesel production in the U.S., by comparison, was approximately 492 million gallons in 2007. In a global context, over 16 billion gallons of ethanol were produced world-wide in 2008 compared to approximately 1 billions gallons of biodiesel. Because of this, "biofuel" overwhelmingly means, and will continue to mean for some time, "ethanol" within not only the U.S. but throughout much of the world.

Biofuels in the United States - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Biofuels is a collective term for liquid fuels derived from renewable sources, including ethanol, biodiesel, and other renewable liquid fuels. This book addresses the ethanol and biodiesel markets and presents data on biofuels consumption, production, imports and exports, prices and producer margins, and infrastructure.

Metabolic Aspects of Alcoholism - - Bog - Springer - Plusbog.dk

In the first annual report on Alcohol and. Health to Congress (December, 1971), the then HEW Secretary Elliot L. Richardson called alcohol ''the most abused drug in the United States''. The report revealed that nine million Americans are alcohol abusers and that alcoholic individuals represent almost 10 % of the nation''s work force. With spreading alcoholism, the incidence of physical damage due to alcohol has greatly increased. A question which is often raised is ''in which way does an alcoholic differ from a non-alcoholic?'' Inquiries have focused on psychological make-up, behavioural differences and socioeconomic factors. More recently, however, physical differences have been delineated. Prior to the development of various disease entities, chronic ethanol exposure results in profound biochemical and morphological changes. Consequently an alcoholic does not respond normally to alcohol, or other drugs or even other toxic agents. Some of these persistent biochemical and morphological changes are the consequences of the injurious effects of ethanol, whereas others may represent the possible adaptive responses to the profound changes in intermediary metabolism which are a direct and im­ mediate consequence of the oxidation of ethanol itself. Differentiation between the effects of ethanol directly linked to its oxidation, and the adaptive and injurious effects of ethanol are not simple, and overlap is common. In general, however, metabolic effects are associated with the presence of relatively low ethanol concentrations, whereas injurious effects occur with high ethanol concentrations and/or after prolonged intake. High ethanol con­ centrations also produce so-called pharmacological effects.

Bioethanol - - Bog - Apple Academic Press Inc. - Plusbog.dk

This new book, Bioethanol: Biochemistry and Biotechnological Advances , presents some insightful perspectives and important advances in the bioethanol industry. The volume goes into detail on the biochemical and physiological parameters carried out by the main bioethanol-producing microorganisms as well as the discusses the potential applications that bioproducts can have and the advantages they generate. The chapter authors discuss a variety of issues, including the physiology of ethanol production by yeasts, by Zymomonas mobilis, and by Clostridium thermocellum. Other sources of biofuel, such as sweet sorghum, Agave americana L. leaves waste, and fungi are included as well. Chapters also discuss the genetic regulation and genetic engineering of principal microorganisms and then go on to address ways to increase ethanol tolerance in industrially important ethanol fermenting organisms, methods for developing sustainable fermentable substrates, and new strategies for ethanol purification. Chapters explore the design and engineering requirements for bioreactors, bioelectrosynthesis of ethanol via bioelectrochemical systems, and more. The book will be a valuable resource for faculty and students in this area as well as for scientists, researchers, and managers in the biofuel industry in the area of biofuel production, fermentation process, environmental engineering and all other related scientific areas.

Flame Propagation Fundamentals - Andres Armando Mendiburu Zevallos - Bog - Springer International Publishing AG - Plusbog.dk

This book presents the basics of flame propagation, emphasizing the combustion of ethanol, hydrogen, and ammonia, which are fuels that could make combustion sustainable.

Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Hydrocarbons Vol. 2 Technology - - Bog - Springer Nature Switzerland AG - Plusbog.dk

This book presents chemical and biological methods to convert carbon dioxide into various products such as methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, syngas and polymers.

Alcohol and its Role in the Evolution of Human Society - Ian S Hornsey - Bog - Royal Society of Chemistry - Plusbog.dk

Archaelogists and anthropologists (especially ethnologists) have for many years realised that man''s ingestion of alcoholic beverages may well have played a significant part in his transition from hunter-gatherer to agriculturalist. This unique book provides a scientific text on the subject of ''ethanol'' that also aims to include material designed to show ''non-scientists'' what fermentation is all about. Conversely, scientists may well be surprised to find the extent to which ethanol has played a part in evolution and civilisation of our species.

Ethanol & Biofuels - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Biofuels have significant roles in a variety of international issues, including: mitigation of carbon emissions levels and oil prices, the "food vs fuel" debate, deforestation and soil erosion, impact on water resources, and energy balance and efficiency. The use of biofuels reduces dependence on petroleum and enhances energy security. Also, unlike fossil fuels, which return carbon that was stored beneath the surface for millions of years into the atmosphere, biofuels can produce energy without causing a net increase of atmospheric carbon. This is because as new plants are grown to produce fuel, they remove the same amount of CO2 from the atmosphere as they will release as fuel. Some studies have found that certain crops may produce more harmful greenhouse gases than CO2, indicating that the specific biofuel used is an important factor.

Biochemistry of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure - Ernst Van Faassen - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

This book reviews the biochemical pathways of ethanol and its metabolites in humans in the context of pregnancy. Special emphasis is devoted to the implications for foetal and neonatal development. The book also covers primary direct effects of ethanol as well as downstream effector pathways involving modulation of receptor and hormonal signalling, and the enzymatic status of the offspring. Special attention is given to the implications of maternal alcohol consumption for the nutritional status of compounds with recognised relevance for pregnancies, such as folate, unsaturated fatty acids and zinc.

Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts - Nebojsa Marinkovic - Bog - Springer Nature Switzerland AG - Plusbog.dk

The main part of the book presents a discussion of catalysts’ characterization and catalytic properties of Pt monolayers for the four main reactions of electrochemical energy conversion: oxygen reduction and oxidation of hydrogen, methanol and ethanol.

Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts - Nebojsa Marinkovic - Bog - Springer Nature Switzerland AG - Plusbog.dk

The main part of the book presents a discussion of catalysts’ characterization and catalytic properties of Pt monolayers for the four main reactions of electrochemical energy conversion: oxygen reduction and oxidation of hydrogen, methanol and ethanol.

Distillers Grains - - Bog - Taylor & Francis Ltd - Plusbog.dk

This reference provides in-depth coverage of the history and current status of the fuel ethanol industry in the United States. It examines processing methods, scientific principles, and innovations for making grain-based fuel ethanol; physical and chemical properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS); assay methodologies for compositional analyses; and mycotoxin occurrence in DDGS. The contributors also discuss changes during processing and analysis of factors causing variations in compositional, nutritional, and physical values. Additional chapters cover emerging uses for DDGS, including feed for livestock, feedstocks for bioenergy production, ingredients for food, and industrial materials.

Revival: Safe Drinking Water Act (1989) - Edward J. Calabrese - Bog - Taylor & Francis Ltd - Plusbog.dk

This new book covers drinking water regulations such as disinfectant by-products, synthetic organics, inorganic chemicals, microbiological contaminants, volatile organic chemicals, radionuclides, fluoride, toxicological approaches to setting new national drinking water regulations, and trihalomethanes. In addition, organic and inorganic compounds scheduled to be regulated in 1989 and new candidates for the 1990s regulations are detailed.

Mieruko-chan, Vol. 2 - Tomoki Izumi - Bog - Little, Brown & Company - Plusbog.dk

Salt, useless. Prayer beads, no dice. Disinfectant-mildly effective. Miko’s fruitless attempts at warding off horrific spirits leave her with one option...keep pretending these grotesque specters don’t exist. But Miko hasn’t given up yet! One day, she’ll be free. Until then, she just has to survive changing-room phantoms and ghost-infested tunnels and…a girl named Yuria?

Brazil’s International Ethanol Strategy - Thomas Frohlich - Bog - Anthem Press - Plusbog.dk

Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States - Water Science And Technology Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

National interests in greater energy independence, concurrent with favorable market forces, have driven increased production of corn-based ethanol in the United States and research into the next generation of biofuels. The trend is changing the national agricultural landscape and has raised concerns about potential impacts on the nation's water resources. To help illuminate these issues, the National Research Council held a colloquium on July 12, 2007 in Washington, DC. Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States, based in part on discussions at the colloquium, concludes that if projected future increases in use of corn for ethanol production do occur, the increase in harm to water quality could be considerable from the increases in fertilizer use, pesticide use, and soil erosion associated with growing crops such as corn. Water supply problems could also develop, both from the water needed to grow biofuels crops and water used at ethanol processing plants, especially in regions where water supplies are already overdrawn. The production of "cellulosic ethanol," derived from fibrous material such as wheat straw, native grasses, and forest trimmings is expected to have less water quality impact but cannot yet be produced on a commerical scale. To move toward a goal of reducing water impacts of biofuels, a policy bridge will likely be needed to encourage growth of new technologies, best agricultural practies, and the development of traditional and cellulosic crops that require less water and fertilizer and are optimized for fuel production.

Toxicology Testing, An Issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine - Michael G. Bissell - Bog - Elsevier Health Sciences - Plusbog.dk

Helps scientists to better understand how the human body carries out normal functions that are key to maintaining health. This title includes the following topics; Progress in Clinical Toxicology Testing, The Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic, Substance Abuse Among Healthcare Professionals, Pain Management Drug Testing, and Ethanol Biomarkers.

Biofuels in the Energy Supply System - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Biofuels are enjoying a boom throughout the world. Led by ethanol and biodiesel, they are becoming an increasingly popular source of fuel for planes and automobiles. Brazil is the world''s leading producer followed by America. Biofuels are far cleaner than petroleum and renewable by plant growth.